ASTM A178 Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes ASTM A178电阻焊接碳钢和碳锰钢锅炉和过热器管标准规范

ASTM A178/A178M specification covers standards for electric-resistance-welded tubes with minimum-wall-thickness made of carbon steel and carbon-manganese steel to be used in boiler tubes, boiler flues, superheater flues, and safe ends. The steel shall be of Grades A (low-carbon steel), C (medium-carbon steel), or D (carbon-manganese steel). All tubes shall be submitted to heat treatment after welding, followed by cooling. The steel shall conform to stated compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulphur, and silicon. Grades C and D shall conform to given tensile requirements, that is tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. The material shall also be subjected to flattening, flange, tension, reverse flattening, and hydrostatic (or nondestructive electric) tests. Crush test shall also be performed if asked by the purchaser. Minimum elongation values are also given.

ASTM A178/A178M规范涵盖了用于锅炉管、锅炉流、过热器流和安全端的最小壁厚碳钢和碳锰钢电阻焊管的标准。钢材应为A级（低碳钢）、C级（中碳钢）或D级（碳锰钢）。所有管子应在焊接后进行热处理，然后冷却。钢应符合规定的碳、锰、磷、硫和硅的成分。C级和D级应符合给定的抗拉要求，即抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率。材料还应接受平整、法兰、张力、反向平整和静水压（或无损电）试验。如果买方要求，也应进行压碎试验。还给出了最小伸长率值。

What Is ASTM A178 / ASME SA178 Tubing?

什么是ASTM A178/ASME SA178卡套管？

ASTM A178 tubing is carbon steel and carbon manganese ERW tubing used in boilers, boiler flues, super heaters, ASTM A178 is available in A178 Grade A (low carbon steel), A178 Grade C (medium carbon steel), and A178 Grade D (carbon manganese steel). The ASTM A178 Specifications are listed below with the Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties.

ASTM A178管材是用于锅炉、锅炉流、过热器的碳钢和碳锰ERW管材，ASTM A178有A178 A级（低碳钢）、A178 C级（中碳钢）和A178 D级（碳锰钢）。ASTM A178规范以及化学成分和机械性能如下。

Scope范围

1. 1. This specification2 covers minimum-wall-thickness, electric-resistance-welded tubes made of carbon steel and carbon-manganese steel intended for use as boiler tubes, boiler flues, superheater flues, and safe ends.

1.1本规范涵盖了用作锅炉管、锅炉流、过热器流和安全端的碳钢和碳锰钢制成的电阻焊接管的最小壁厚。

1. 2. This specification covers Grades A, C, and D with differing chemical requirements (Section 6 and Table 1), differing tensile requirements (Section 9 and Table 2), and differing crush and mechanical testing requirements (Sections 10 and 11).

1.2本规范涵盖了具有不同化学要求（第6节和表1）、不同拉伸要求（第9节和表2）以及不同压碎和机械测试要求（第10节和第11节）的A级、C级和D级。

NOTE 1: Grades C and D tubes are not suitable for safe-ending for forge welding. 注1：C级和D级管不适合锻造焊接的安全端接。

1. 3. The tubing sizes and thicknesses usually furnished to this specification are 1/2 to 5 in. [12.7 to 127 mm] in outside diameter and 0.035 to 0.360 in. [0.9 to 9.1 mm], inclusive, in minimum wall thickness. Tubing having other dimensions may be furnished, provided such tubes comply with all other requirements of this specification.

1.3本规范中通常提供的管材尺寸和厚度为外径1/2至5英寸[12.7至127毫米]，最小壁厚0.035至0.360英寸[0.9至9.1毫米]。可以提供具有其他尺寸的管子，前提是这些管子符合本规范的所有其他要求。

1. 4. Mechanical property requirements do not apply to tubing smaller than 1/8 in. [3.2 mm] in inside diameter or 0.015 in. [0.4 mm] in thickness.

1.4机械性能要求不适用于内径小于1/8英寸[3.2毫米]或厚度小于0.015英寸[0.4毫米]的管子。

1. 5. Optional supplementary requirements are provided and when desired, shall be so stated in the order. 1.5提供了可选的补充要求，如有需要，应在订单中注明。
   6. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.

1.6 以英寸-磅单位或国际单位表示的值应单独视为标准值。在文本中，国际单位制显示在括号中。每个系统中所述的值不是完全等效的；因此，每个系统都必须独立使用。将两个系统的值结合起来可能会导致不符合规范。除非订单中指定了本规范的“M”名称，否则应采用英寸-磅单位。

1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

1.7本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。

Different name不同名称

Condenser steel tube,heat-exchanger tube,low carbon steel pipe,Resistance welded steel tube ,Bolier flues,Spoerheater flues and safe ends,ERW carbon steel pipes.

冷凝器钢管、换热器管、低碳钢管、电阻焊接钢管、Bolier流量、喷水器流量和安全端、ERW碳钢管。

Chemical Composition of ASTM A178  ASTM A178的化学成分

Product Analysis产品分析

1. When requested on the purchase order, a product analy- sis shall be made by the manufacturer or supplier from one tube per 100 pieces for sizes over 3 in. [76.2 mm] and one tube per 250 pieces for sizes 3 in. [76.2 mm] and under; or when tubes are identified by heat, one tube per heat shall be analyzed. The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements specified.

1.当采购订单上有要求时，制造商或供应商应进行产品分析，对于尺寸超过3英寸[76.2毫米]的每100件产品，以及对于尺寸为3英寸[76.2毫米]及以下的每250件产品，应进行一次分析；或者，当通过热量识别管子时，应对每炉一根管子进行分析。由此确定的化学成分应符合规定的要求。

2. If the original test for product analysis fails, retests of two additional lengths of flat-rolled stock or tubes shall be made. Both retests, for the elements in question, shall meet the requirements of the specification; otherwise all remaining material in the heat or lot (Note 2) shall be rejected or, at the option of the producer, each length of flat-rolled stock or tube may be individually tested for acceptance. Lengths of flat- rolled stock or tubes which do not meet the requirements of the specifications shall be rejected.

2.如果产品分析的原始测试失败，则应重新测试两段额外的扁钢或管材。对于所讨论的元件，两次重新测试都应符合规范的要求；否则，该炉或批次（注2）中的所有剩余材料应被拒收，或者根据生产商的选择，每段扁平轧制材料或管材都可以单独进行验收测试。不符合规范要求的扁钢或管材长度应被拒收.。

Mechanical Property of ASTM A178 ASTM A178的机械性能

Grade C & Grade D tubes shall conform to the requirements -tensile properties prescribed below   C级和D级管应符合以下规定的拉伸性能要求

Outside diameter and Wall Thickness Tolerance of ASTM A178/A178M

 ASTM A178/A178M的外径和壁厚公差

Referenced Documents 参考文件

• A450/A450M Specification for General Requirements for Carbon,Ferritic Alloy,and Austenitic Alloy steel tubes.
• A450/A450M碳、铁素体合金和奥氏体合金钢管的一般要求规范。
• E213 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal pipe and tubing.
• E213金属管道超声波检验规程。
• E273 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Longitudinal Welded Pipe and Tubing.
• E273纵向焊接管道超声波检验规程。

A450/A450M

ASTM A450 covers carbon and low alloy steel tube. Steel samples shall be melt processed and shall either be ingot cast or strand cast. Heat and product analyses shall be performed on the steel materials. Steel specimens shall also undergo tensile tests and shall conform to required values of yield strength and elongation. Flattening test, reverse flattening test, flaring test, flange test, hardness test, hydrostatic test, air underwater pressure test, and nondestructive tests shall be performed on the steel materials.

ASTM A450涵盖了碳和低合金钢管。钢样应进行熔融处理，并应为铸锭或铸坯。应对钢材进行热分析和产品分析。钢试样还应进行拉伸试验，并应符合屈服强度和伸长率的要求值。钢材应进行压扁试验、反向压扁试验、扩口试验、法兰试验、硬度试验、水压试验、空气水下压力试验和无损检测。

Manufacturing Process制造工艺

Heat treatment: 热处理：

After welding,all tubes shall be heat treated at a temperature of 1650°F(900℃) or higher and followed by cooling in air or in the cooling chamber of a controlled-atmosphere furnace,Cold-drawn tubes shall be heat treated after the final cold-draw pass at a temperature of 1200°F(650℃)or higher.

焊接后，所有管子应在1650°F（900℃）或更高的温度下进行热处理，然后在空气中或可控气氛家具的冷却室中冷却。冷拔管应在最终冷拔道次后在1200°F（650℃）或以上的温度下热处理。

Surface Condition:表面状况:

Finished tubes shall be free of scale,A slight amount of oxidation will not be considered as scale.成品管应无水垢，少量氧化不会被视为水垢。

Mechanical Tests Required: 所需的机械测试：

Flattenting Test/Flaring test/Flange test/Crush test/Tension test/Reverse Flattening test/Hydrostatic or Nondestructive Electric Test压扁试验/扩口试验/法兰试验/压碎试验/拉伸试验/反向压扁试验/静水压或无损电气试验

Usage使用

Used in boiler, superheater, heat-exchanger and pressure equipment in Petrochemical factory, Refinery factory, sugar mill, power plant, power plant, shipbuilding.

用于石油化工厂、炼油厂、糖厂、发电厂、电厂、船舶的锅炉、过热器、换热器和压力设备。

Manufacture & Heat Treatment 制造和热处理

The ASTM A178 Grade D steel shall be killed. ASTM A178 tubes shall be made by electric-resistance welding process. After welding, all tubes shall be heat treated at a temperature of 1650°F [900°C] or higher and followed by cooling in air or in the cooling chamber of a controlled-atmosphere furnace. Cold-drawn tubes shall be heat treated after the final cold-draw pass at a temperature of 1200°F [650°F] or higher.

应杀死ASTM A178 D级钢。ASTM A178管材应采用电阻焊接工艺制造。焊接后，所有管子应在1650°F[900°C]或更高的温度下进行热处理，然后在空气中或可控气氛家具的冷却室中冷却。冷拔管应在最终冷拔道次后在1200°F[650°F]或更高的温度下进行热处理。

Testing & Inspection测试和检验

ERW tubes made from ASTM A178 steel may be tested or inspected in the following ways covering crush test, flattening test, flange test, tension test, reverse tension test, hydrostatic test, nondestructive electric test, dimension inspection, visual examination, as well as ultrasonic inspection.

ASTM A178钢制成的ERW管可以通过以下方式进行测试或检查，包括压碎试验、压扁试验、法兰试验、拉伸试验、反向拉伸试验、水压试验、无损电气试验、尺寸检查、目视检查以及超声波检查。

Material Comparison Tables (ASTM ℃KS, JIS, DIN, BS, NBN, NF, UNI)

材料对照表（ASTM℃KS、JIS、DIN、BS、NBN、NF、UNI）

A 178 C-Steel Electric-Resistance-Welded Boiler Tubes 178 C钢电阻焊锅炉管